TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword 4
Preface 5
Reader's guide 8

Population and Migration

POPULATION 12
Total population 12
Dependent population 16
Population by region 18
Elderly population by region 20

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 22
Immigrant population 22
Trends in migration 24
Migration and employment 26
Migration and unemployment 28

Production and income

PRODUCTION 32
Size of GDP 32
Evolution of GDP 36
GDP by region 38

INCOME, SAVINGS AND INVESTMENTS 40
National income per capita 40
Household disposable income 42
Household savings 44
Investment rates 46

PRODUCTIVITY 48
Labour productivity levels 48
Labour productivity growth 50
Productivity and growth accounting 52
Unit labour costs 54

ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 56
Value added by activity 56
Evolution of value added by activity 58
Small and medium-sized enterprises 60

Globalisation

TRADE 64
Share of international trade in GDP 64
International trade in goods 66
International trade in Services 70
Trading partners 74
Balance ofpayments 76

FDI AND MULTINATIONAL 78
FDI flows and Stocks 78
Employment in foreign affiliates 82

Prices

PRIGES, LABOUR COSTS AND INTEREST 86
Consumer price indices 86
Producer price indices 90
Labour compensation 92
Long-term interest rates 94

PURGHASING POWER PARTIES AND EXCHANGE
RATES 96
Rates of conversion 96
Effective exchange rates 100

Energy

ENERGY REQUIREMENT 106
Energy supply 106
Energy intensity 108
Energy supply per capita 110
Electricity generation 112
Nuclear energy 114
Renewable energy 116

ENERGY PRODUCTION AND PRICES 118
Energy production 118
Oil production 120
Oil prices 122

Labour

EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS WORKED 126
Employment rates 126
Employment rates by age group 130
Part-time employment 132
Self-employment 134
Employment by region 136
Hours worked 138

UNEMPLOYMENT 140
Unemployment rates 140
Long-term unemployment 144
Unemployment by region 146

Science and technology

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 150
Expenditure on R&D 150
Researchers 152
Patents 154

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 156
Size of the IGT sector 156
Investment in IGT 158
Exports of IGT equipment 160
Computer, internet and telecommunication 162

Environment

WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES 166
Water consumption 166
Fisheries 168

AIR AND LAND 170
Emissions of carbon dioxide 170
Municipal waste 172

Education

OUTCOMES 176
International Student assessment 176
Top performing students 178
Expectations for science-related careers by gender 180
Tertiary graduation and entry rates 182
Education attainment 184

RESOURCES 186
Teaching and learning conditions 186
Educational expenditure per Student 188
Public and private expenditure on education 190

Public finance

GOVERNMENT DEFICITS AND DEBT 194
Government expenditure, revenues and deficits 194
Government debt 198

PUBLIC SOCIAL EXPENDITURE 200
Social expenditure 200
Health expenditure 202
Public and private pension expenditure 204

OTHER PUBLIC EXPENDITURE 206
Education expenditure 206
Law, order and defence expenditure 208

AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT AND FOREIGN AID 210
Government support for agriculture 210
Government support for fishing 212
Official development assistance 214

TAXES 218
Total tax revenue 218
Taxes on the average worker 222

Quality of life

HEALTH 226
Life expectancy 226
Infant mortality 230
Obesity 232

INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY 234
Income inequality 234
Poverty rates and gaps 236

SOCIETY 238
Suicides 238
Subjective well-being 240
Social benefits of education 242
Youth inactivity 244
Tourism: hotel nights 246

SECURITY 248
Prison population 248
Road fatalities 250

Special focus: The crisis and beyond

Introduction 254

ECONOMIC ACTIYITY 256
Gross domestic product 256
Industrial production and retail sales 258
Business and consumer confidence 260

FINANCIAL CONDITIONS 262
Asset prices 262
Debt and securitisation 264

FOREIGN TRADE AND FINANCES 266
International trade 266
International fmancial flows 268

HOUSEHOLD CONDITIONS 270
Labour market consequences 270
Household income 272

POLICY RESPONSES 274
Fiscal policy 274
Monetary policy 276

ANALYTICAL INDEX 278